He became the national leader (Supreme Minister) of the Nation of Islam in 1975 after his father's death.[6] As a result of his personal studies and thinking, he had led the vast majority of the members of the original NOI to mainstream, traditional Sunni Islam by 1978.[7] With this merger, he oversaw the largest mass conversion to Islam in the history of the United States.[8] He rejected the previous deification of Wallace Fard Muhammad, accepted whites as fellow-worshippers, forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, and introduced the Five Pillars of Islam into his group's theology.[3][9]
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In 1961, on his 28th birthday, Mohammed began a term in federal prison for having refused induction into the United States military. He could have performed community service, but his father pressed him to accept the jail time.[5] He spent most of that time studying the Quran, the main Islamic holy book.[20] He became convinced that the Nation of Islam had to change. In 1963 he was released from prison.[21][22] Close to Malcolm X, who was also questioning the NOI, he found that by this time his viewpoints deviated significantly from those of his father, whom he no longer believed was a prophet.[5][23] Because of this conclusion, he was excommunicated five times, but by 1974, he was returned permanently to NOI.[5]
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Mohammed's changes reached deep into the philosophy of the movement his father had led for so long. He rejected literal interpretations of his father's theology and Black-separatist views and on the basis of his intensive independent study of Islamic law, history, and theology, he accepted whites as fellow worshipers.[33][34] However, he also encouraged African Americans (Bilalians) to separate themselves from their pasts, in 1976 calling upon them to change their surnames which were often given to their ancestors by slave masters.[12][35] He forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, including Latinos.[36] He also decentralized power. On September 10, 1978 in an address in Atlanta he resigned as Chief Imam and appointed a six-member council to lead the Community.[37][38]